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Euphorbia atrococca

A.Heller (1897)

This name is accepted

Kingdom: Viridiplantae Phylum: Magnoliophyta Class/Clade: Eudicot-Rosids Order: Malpighiales Family: Euphorbiaceae Genus: Euphorbia

‘ākoko, ‘akoko [akoko], ‘ekoko [ekoko], koko, kōkōmālei [kokomalei]

Description

Key Characters:

Growth Form: Shrubs to small trees 1–3 m tall, bark brown.

Stems: Stems freely branched above, glabrous, secondary branches numerous, 1–1.5 mm in diameter.

Roots:

Leaves: Leaves simple. Opposite, decussate. Blades narrowly elliptic to elliptic, oblanceolate or obovate, 20–60 mm long, 5–21 mm wide. Apex acute to rounded, rarely mucronulate or retuse. Base cuneate, oblique. Surfaces glabrous. Margins entire. Petioles 2–6 mm long, glabrous. Stipules rounded–triangular, 1–2 mm long, ciliate.

Flowers: Flowers in cyathia solitary in the leaf axils or 1–3 in cymes on slender contracted branches usually clustered at the ends of the branches, peduncles 1–2 mm long, glabrous. involucre campanulate, 2–2.5(–3) mm high, (2–)2.5–4 mm wide, glabrous to villous beneath the glands, glands 4, green to purple. Flowers unisexual and highly reduced. Pistillate flowers solitary, on a gynophore; staminate flowers in 5 groups or cymules, each with 1 to several flowers. Calyx (sepals) absent. Corolla (petals) absent. Male flower reduced to a single stamen, with an articulation at junction of pedicel and filament, subtended by slender bracteoles. Ovary superior; styles bifid almost ½ their length, 0.5–1 mm long; stigma thickened.

Fruit: Capsules green to purple; ovoid; keeled; 3–3.5 mm long; villous; sometimes sparsely so; or rarely glabrous; gynophores recurved; exserted 1.5–3 mm from involucre; glabrous. Seeds brown; (1.8–)2–2.3 mm long; rugose.

Ploidy:

Habitat: Dry forest to diverse mesic forest.

Elevation Range: 400–900 m.

Historical Distribution

Uses and Culture

USES

Natural History

Statewide Status

Endemic

Island Status

Kaua'i Endemic

Dispersal Agents


Pollinators

Bibliography

Name Published In: Minnesota Bot. Stud. 1: 844 (1897)

Other References

Wagner et al. 1990:604 (K [as Chamaesyce atrococca]); Govaerts et al. 2000:676/Yang & Berry 2011 (Syn. C. atrococca = E. atrococca)

Occurrences

SNo. Scientific Name Locality Habitat Basis of Record Description Recorded By Record Number Island Source Date
1 Euphorbia atrococca Locality redacted. Contact Bishop Museum Botany Department for details Preserved_Specimen Rock, J.F.C. Kauai BISH 1911-10-01
2 Euphorbia atrococca Locality redacted. Contact Bishop Museum Botany Department for details Preserved_Specimen Rock, J.F.C. 12933 Kauai BISH 1911-10-01
3 Euphorbia atrococca Locality redacted. Contact Bishop Museum Botany Department for details Shrub growing on steep slope in mesic, summer-dry forest with Metrosideros and Psychotria. Preserved_Specimen Shrub. Gagné, W.C. 547 Kauai BISH 1970-08-25
4 Euphorbia atrococca Locality redacted. Contact Bishop Museum Botany Department for details Open ridge with Dodonaea. Preserved_Specimen Erect shrub; flowering at 4-6 ft. Degener, O. 23989 Kauai BISH 1955-09-23
5 Euphorbia atrococca Locality redacted. Contact Bishop Museum Botany Department for details On steep slope. Preserved_Specimen Plants shrubs, 1.5 m tall. Wagner, W.L. 50576 Kauai BISH 1983-08-31
6 Euphorbia atrococca Locality redacted. Contact Bishop Museum Botany Department for details Mixed mesic forest w/ Acacia koa canopy, Leptecophylla, Dodonaea viscosa, Wikstroemia furcata, Wilkesia, Melicope, Lobelia yuccoides. Preserved_Specimen Upright shrub 5 ft tall. Frt green w/ purple concentrated at sutures. Frt w/ slight winged segments. Frts w/ reflexed gynophores, straightening when mature. Lvs decussat, wt-green below w/ dk green veins, adaxial blade medium green. Petiole light green w/ some rd tint. Stem w/ red nodes in younger growth. Tangalin, N. 1831 Kauai BISH 2008-11-11
7 Euphorbia atrococca Locality redacted. Contact Bishop Museum Botany Department for details On dry, exposed ridge. Preserved_Specimen Much branched shrub. Shrub about 5' tall; occasional. Herbst, D.R. 2076 Kauai BISH 1971-08-16
8 Euphorbia atrococca Locality redacted. Contact Bishop Museum Botany Department for details Disturbed lowland windward Forest. Psydrax, Alyxia, Psidium, Schinus, Sida fallax, Syzygium cumini, Nephrolepis, Stachytarpheta, Phmatosorus, Pluchea, Cyclosorus dentatus, Pluchea carolinensis, Diospyros, Artimesia, Peperomis tetraphyl Preserved_Specimen 6 tf. Tall small tree/shrub. Bark red-brn, moss and lichen covered bark, bark dark and rough near base, green near branch ends. Sap white. Leaves white-green w/medium green venation below. Above leaves dull light glaucous green. Crown speading, leaves clustered near apex. Peduncles upright, Immature fruit ligh. Tangalin, N. 3222 Kauai BISH 2012-07-16
9 Euphorbia atrococca Locality redacted. Contact Bishop Museum Botany Department for details Metrosideros-Acacia montane mesic forest w/ Alphitonia ponderosa, Claoxylon sandwicensis, Myrsine lanaiensis, Wikstroemia furcata, Dodonaea viscosa, Kadua affinis, Melicope barbigera, M. anisata, M. ovata, Pleomele aurea, Tetraplasandra kava Preserved_Specimen tree, 5 m tall, stems brown or with brown or with brown0red tinge, cyathial gland red or green-red, common Wood, K.R. 15674 Kauai BISH 2013-09-29
10 Euphorbia atrococca Locality redacted. Contact Bishop Museum Botany Department for details moderate to steep banks above stream. Acacia-Metrosideros mesic forest, open to closed canopy. W/ Kadua affinis, Dodonaea, Leptecophylla tameiameiae, Syzygium sandwicensis, Perrotettia sandwicensis, Psychotria mariniana, Bidens cosmoides, Pouteria, Xylosma hawaiiense, Alyxia, Chamaesyce atrococ Preserved_Specimen trees 1.5 to 3 m tall, trunk brown or brown-red, leaves green with some turning red, cyathea red Wood, K.R. 13835 Kauai BISH 2009-07-17
11 Euphorbia atrococca Locality redacted. Contact Bishop Museum Botany Department for details In forest. Acaia koa - Metrosideros mesic forest. With Xylosma hawaiiense, Planchonella sandwicensis, Psychotria greenwelliae, Scaevola procera, Nestegis sandwicensis, Ilex anomala, Syzgium sandwicensis, Myoporum sandwicense, Pleomele aurea, Kadua a Preserved_Specimen Shrub 2 meter ht with flowers and fruit. Perlman, S. 23709 Kauai BISH 2013-09-18
12 Euphorbia atrococca Locality redacted. Contact Bishop Museum Botany Department for details Open, koa forest. Preserved_Specimen Bush or small tree 2-12 ft high. Degener, O. 27176 Kauai BISH 1960-11-17
13 Euphorbia atrococca Locality redacted. Contact Bishop Museum Botany Department for details Metrosideros-Cheirodendron-Dicranopteris mixed montane wet forest. Preserved_Specimen Tree, 3-4 m tall, well-branched, stems brown-black, cyathial glands green-yellow to red-purple, with dark-red fruit, occasional. Wood, K.R. 17989 Kauai BISH 2018-11-29
14 Euphorbia atrococca Locality redacted. Contact Bishop Museum Botany Department for details Mixed mesophytic forest with Acacia koa and Metrosideros. Preserved_Specimen Treelet 1.5 m tall, latex white. Cyathia glands dark purple, capsules green, hirtellous. Lorence, D.H. 6633 Kauai BISH 1990-11-11
15 Euphorbia atrococca Locality redacted. Contact Bishop Museum Botany Department for details Grassy knoll. Preserved_Specimen 1 1/2 - 3 ft shrub. Degener, O. 23876 Kauai BISH 1955-09-09
16 Euphorbia atrococca Locality redacted. Contact Bishop Museum Botany Department for details Open places in rainforest and in open drier shrubland vegetation. Preserved_Specimen Shrub 1-3 m. Branchlets light yellow. Leaves light olive green above, light greenish grey below. Cyathea brownish green, stalk creamy white, stigmas black, fruits dark brown. Flowers with sweet smell. van Royen, P. 11756 Kauai BISH 1977-09-24
17 Euphorbia atrococca Locality redacted. Contact Bishop Museum Botany Department for details diverse mesic forest; Acacia koa, Leptecophylla, Dodonaea viscosa, Wikstroemia furcata, Wilkesia Preserved_Specimen 1.8 m shrub; bark reddish gray; cymes with 1-3 cyathea at shoot tips, recuring gynoecia; leaves to 5 cm long Trauernicht, C. 604 Kauai BISH 2008-11-11
18 Euphorbia atrococca Locality redacted. Contact Bishop Museum Botany Department for details Mixed mesophytic forest with Acacia koa dominant. Preserved_Specimen Treelet 1.2 m tall, single stemmed from base, latex white. Cyathium with red glands, capusle red, recurved, styles red. Lorence, D.H. 5524 Kauai BISH 1987-08-08
19 Euphorbia atrococca Locality redacted. Contact Bishop Museum Botany Department for details Mixed mesophytic forest with Acacia koa dominant. Preserved_Specimen Treelet 1.5 m tall, latex white, leaves decussate. Cyathia green, capsule dark reddish purple. Lorence, D.H. 5592 Kauai BISH 1987-10-13
20 Euphorbia atrococca Locality redacted. Contact Bishop Museum Botany Department for details N facing slopes, montane transitional mesic to wet forest; Metrosideros, Acacia, Alphitonia, Hedyotis terminalis, Xylosma hawaiiensis, Antidesma, Psychotria mariniana, Dodonaea viscosa, Melicope feddei, Bobea brevipes, Cheirodendron trigynum, Ilex anomala, Melicope clusiifolia, Santalum freycinetianum, Dryopteris fusco-atra, Doodia kunthiana, Diplazium sandwichianum, Asplenium polyodon Preserved_Specimen 2 m shrub; diffusely branched; stems medium brown; leaves medium green; flower; fruit Wood, K.R. 12501 Kauai BISH 2007-08-17
21 Euphorbia atrococca Locality redacted. Contact Bishop Museum Botany Department for details Open, koa forest. Preserved_Specimen Bush or small tree 2-12 ft high. Degener, O. 27176 Kauai BISH 1960-11-17
22 Euphorbia atrococca Locality redacted. Contact Bishop Museum Botany Department for details In dry to mixed mesophytic forest. With Metrosideros, Diospyros, Hibiscus and Pittosporum. Preserved_Specimen Compact shrub of 4 ft. Leaves bright green although some older leaves bright red. Locally common. Flynn, T.W. 2995 Kauai BISH 1988-06-09
23 Euphorbia atrococca Locality redacted. Contact Bishop Museum Botany Department for details Open forested slope. Preserved_Specimen 4-8 ft shrub or small herb. Degener, O. 20426 Kauai BISH 1950-02-07
24 Euphorbia atrococca Locality redacted. Contact Bishop Museum Botany Department for details north facing slopes above Awini Stream Metrosideros-Acacia montane mesic forest with Alphitonia pondersoa, Antidesma platyphylla, Euphorbia atrococca, Claoxylon sandwicensis, Dodonaea viscosa, Myrsine lanaiensis, Nestegis sandwicensis, Dracaena aurea, Polyscias kavaiensis, Planch Preserved_Specimen tree, 3 m tall, red cyathia, stems red-brown common Wood, K.R. 14950 Kauai BISH 2012-04-27
25 Euphorbia atrococca Locality redacted. Contact Bishop Museum Botany Department for details Preserved_Specimen Rock, J.F.C. 10099 Kauai BISH 1911-10-01
26 Euphorbia atrococca Locality redacted. Contact Bishop Museum Botany Department for details Preserved_Specimen Shrub 6+ ft high. Neal, M.C. Kauai BISH 1936-08-21
27 Euphorbia atrococca Locality redacted. Contact Bishop Museum Botany Department for details Preserved_Specimen Degener, O. 8094 Kauai BISH 1926-06-30
28 Euphorbia atrococca Locality redacted. Contact Bishop Museum Botany Department for details Preserved_Specimen Degener, O. 8094 Kauai BISH 1926-06-30
29 Euphorbia atrococca Locality redacted. Contact Bishop Museum Botany Department for details Open ridge with Dodonaea. Preserved_Specimen Erect shrub; flowering at 4-6 ft. Degener, O. 23989 Kauai BISH 1955-09-23
30 Euphorbia atrococca Locality redacted. Contact Bishop Museum Botany Department for details Acacia koa-Metrosideros polymorpha-Dicranopteris linearis mesic to transitional wet forest and drainage w/ Diplopterygium pinnatum, Sticherus owhyhensis, Syzygium sandwicensis, Nestegis sandwicensis, Bobea brevipes, Ilex anomala, Wikstroemia furcata, Claoxylon sandwicensis, Polyscias waimeae, Melicope a Preserved_Specimen Tree, 2 m tall, stems brown-black with whitish lichen, in fruit, cyathial glands green, some flowers appearing perfect and not monoecious, common. Wood, K.R. 16429 Kauai BISH 2015-05-02
31 Euphorbia atrococca Locality redacted. Contact Bishop Museum Botany Department for details Mixed Disturbed Forest Psydrax, Metrosideros, Bidens valida, Pouteria, Pandanus, Cordyline, Diospyros, Hibiscus kokio, Alyxia stellata, Kadua affinis, Psychotria mariniana, Scaevola taccada, Santalum, Cyanea, Ployscias oahu Preserved_Specimen Leavs decussate, glaucous. Upright, 3.5 ft. tall. Sap white. Mature brown fruit held upright on peduncle. New leaves glaucous above w/ red color in apex, underside white-green w/veins visible near margin. Lvs thick and fleshy. Bark red-brown. Red cyathium, white filament, cream to red anthers. Tangalin, N. 3094 Kauai BISH 2012-04-04
32 Euphorbia atrococca Locality redacted. Contact Bishop Museum Botany Department for details Preserved_Specimen Shrub 6+ ft high. Neal, M.C. Kauai BISH 1936-08-21
33 Euphorbia atrococca Locality redacted. Contact Bishop Museum Botany Department for details Preserved_Specimen Shrub 6+ ft high. Neal, M.C. Kauai BISH 1936-08-21
34 Euphorbia atrococca Locality redacted. Contact Bishop Museum Botany Department for details Steep slope, rain forest. Preserved_Specimen Bush 5 ft tall. St.John, H. 13844 Kauai BISH 1933-12-28
35 Euphorbia atrococca Locality redacted. Contact Bishop Museum Botany Department for details Preserved_Specimen Forbes, C.N. 1003 Kauai BISH 1917-07-03
36 Euphorbia atrococca Locality redacted. Contact Bishop Museum Botany Department for details Transition between wet and dry forest. Preserved_Specimen Small tree (!), 3 in dia. at base; milke juice in all parts. Stern, W.L. 1284 Kauai BISH 1970-08-25
37 Euphorbia atrococca Locality redacted. Contact Bishop Museum Botany Department for details Mixed mesophytic forest with Acacia koa dominant, also Metrosideros, Psychotria, and Tetraplasandra. Preserved_Specimen Slender tree 2-3 m tall leaves decussate. Inflorescences sweetly fragrant in morning, cyathial glands and capsule margins dark purple red, cyathia green. Lorence, D.H. 5556 Kauai BISH 1987-09-16
38 Euphorbia atrococca Locality redacted. Contact Bishop Museum Botany Department for details Metrosideros-Acacia montane mesic forest with Alphitonia, Planchonella, Xylosma hawaiiensis, Antidesma, Bobea brevipes, Myrsine lanaiensis, Dodonaea, Wikstroema furcata, Leptecophylla tameiameiae, Kadua affinis, Melicope ovata, M. barbigera, Preserved_Specimen Tree, 4 meters tall, in flower and fruit, vigorous, common Wood, K.R. 16600 Kauai BISH 2015-09-08
39 Euphorbia atrococca Locality redacted. Contact Bishop Museum Botany Department for details Preserved_Specimen Heller, A.A. 2500 Kauai BISH 1895-07-17
40 Euphorbia atrococca Locality redacted. Contact Bishop Museum Botany Department for details Preserved_Specimen Skottsberg, C.J.F. 1017 Kauai BISH 1922-10-29
41 Euphorbia atrococca Locality redacted. Contact Bishop Museum Botany Department for details Preserved_Specimen Heller, A.A. 2500 Kauai BISH 1895-07-17
42 Euphorbia atrococca Locality redacted. Contact Bishop Museum Botany Department for details Preserved_Specimen Forbes, C.N. 435 Kauai BISH 1909-09-01
43 Euphorbia atrococca Locality redacted. Contact Bishop Museum Botany Department for details Preserved_Specimen Heller, A.A. 2500 Kauai BISH 1895-07-17
44 Euphorbia atrococca Locality redacted. Contact Bishop Museum Botany Department for details Preserved_Specimen Cranwell, L.M. 3009 Kauai BISH 1938-08-19
45 Euphorbia atrococca Locality redacted. Contact Bishop Museum Botany Department for details Preserved_Specimen Heller, A.A. 2858 Kauai BISH 1895-09-10
46 Euphorbia atrococca Locality redacted. Contact Bishop Museum Botany Department for details Preserved_Specimen Faurie, A. 470 Kauai BISH 1910-01-01
47 Euphorbia atrococca Locality redacted. Contact Bishop Museum Botany Department for details Preserved_Specimen Heller, A.A. 2500 Kauai BISH 1895-07-17
48 Euphorbia atrococca Locality redacted. Contact Bishop Museum Botany Department for details Preserved_Specimen Heller, A.A. 2500 Kauai BISH 1895-07-17
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